Hope for current generation

Optimism among citizens in the U.S.A. and around the world is cyclical and it is often a response to significant disruption of the world we believe, or hope, we live in. Today's college students are encountering a world recovering from a recession, dealing with the lingering impact of a pandemic, and coping with governance that seems to be failing in many ways. The Marist College "Mindset List" includes experiences that were common to the childhood experiences of those now entering college.

Some young adults are pursuing alternatives to higher education because they've lost faith in the return on value of pursuing a college degree. For those who still aspire to acquire a degree the question is, how should educators respond. Some pundits say that the super-power of higher education in the U.S.A. is fading. A variety of factors contribute to this decline including controlling costs, increasing return on investment, promoting access but not preference, and protecting academic freedom and free speech.

Decades of research has documented how college transforms students. In this essay, Steve Mintz advises that the transformation is significant enough that American society is now divided between the college educated and those who are not. The difference in their views range from those who embrace nationalism, isolationism, and a hunkered down way of life to those who are more cosmopolitan, worldly, and sophisticated. Mintz adds, "A college education does indeed fuel this country's cultural divide... Colleges and universities must remain true to their guiding star, which is to subject all ideas to analysis and critique and to remain society's arena for unfettered discussion, deliberation and debate." One hundred former college and university presidents formed the Champions of Higher Education group to counter the negative narrative coming from conservative critics of higher education and to "reclaim the public trust in America's colleges and universities."

Sian Beilock suggests that a critical responsibility of educational institutions is to cultivate hope. I heartily agree and have made this point in numerous publications over the decades of my career. Deeper Learning in Leadership and Cultivating Students' Capacity for International Leadership are two examples. Courses that purport to help students pursue a meaningful and joyful life are now offered at Yale and Stanford and include texts purpose-designed to encourage the exploration of conviction in living. Steve Mintz proposes that the four most critical outcomes of such courses/texts should be; aesthetic sensitivity, contextualization, interpretation, and critical thinking. Analysis of "Good Life" courses at 14 colleges and universities identified five common processes utilized to help students cultivate hope: setting new goals, rediscovering faith and familial roots, redefining relationships with leisure and technology, building new friendships, and accepting uncertainty and failure. The ultimate point of these books and and course initiatives seems to be to cultivate hope in the modern day, one that includes striving for a better future through meaningful employment as well as preparing graduates to be engaged and constructive citizens.

In many ways hope comes very naturally, especially among young people. A natural part of striving is to visualize a better way for oneself and for others. "Dreamstorming" is a new word and concept advocated in sexual assault prevention but could be applied to other questions where new ways of thinking and approaching a topic are needed Anticipating that not everything will be ideal when students begin their college educations is an important balance to constructive optimism. For example, a simple 30 minute reflective activity acknowledging the challenges of finding a place to belong on campus resulted in improved retention in a Stanford University study of 26,911 students. Clearly, there are easier and tougher times and it is the responsibility of educators to portray the world authentically, with all its good and bad points. Reports that current college and university students exhibit greater anxiety and depression is an ominous indicator that coping ability has declined. However, some counselors believe that the increasing proportion and numbers are driven by some of the stresses and anxieties of youth being labeled as psychological trauma. Regardless of the causes, higher education needs to respond to students' mental health needs while bolstering conditions of the learning environment that help build resilience within a realistic worldview that includes facing challenges. Students' awareness of services should be a priority so that students can get help when they need it plus it leads to a greater sense of belonging.

Research on measuring and promoting "thriving" among students identified academic determination, engaged learning, diverse citizenship, social connections, and positive perspective as critical to students' success. When these characteristics are present, sense of community is enhanced and hope derived from engagement on campus and the broader community becomes a source of learning. The Illinois Tech ELEVATE platform helps students find experiential opportunities aligned with their learning goals. Students want both broad learning in an area where they have passionate interest and practical preparation for life after college and expect at least some help from faculty and career centers in achieving their goals.

Faculty can be a helpful resources to students but boundaries for the type of support they can offer need to be clear and should encourage "emotional professionalism." Students can occasionally exhibit a dysfunctional infatuation with faculty. The issue is that, as students work out young adult questions of dependence and independence they can sometimes become fixated on an adult figure in ways that continue or counter their relationship with parents. "...professors need to become more sensitive to other aspects of classroom dynamics, above all, issues of power and authority" in order to avoid becoming inappropriately enmeshed. The power imbalance between a faculty member (or student affairs educator) can result in misunderstanding or deliberate violation of educational and personal space.

The relationship between students and professors varies based on the pedagogy of a classroom, the discipline, and to specific demographic and life experiences students bring with them. Finding ways to encourage helpful encounters includes 1) making clear that the worth and dignity of students is separate from their grade performance, and 2) reducing high-stakes student experiences that could be racist, classist, or sexist. A variety of strategies are being used to address mental health needs. Some include enhanced training for faculty and student peer helpers. With the number of counselors available for hire insufficient to meet demand, creativity in providing alternatives is essential.

Critical theory can be a tool to more effectively address both challenging and promising aspects of contemporary life. Seeing the world through critical lenses can help students regain a sense of control, perhaps most importantly for those whose lives have been impacted an array of trauma. As Beilock indicates, "For the past three years, we've learned in a tragically visceral way the despair of losing hope. But if our colleges and schools can find a way to pair education with action, to nurture young people's resilience and to find common ground, we can do much to help them find it again." Cognitive behavioral therapy is similar to critical theory in activating a clearer understanding of reality to correct misperceived threat or dysfunction. The use of critical theory and cognitive behavioral therapy in teaching offer frameworks for understanding the reality of the world around us.

Bridging the generational gap between current faculty and students requires being attentive to student anxieties, creating inclusive classrooms, and recognizing the presence of the gap and talking directly about it. Responding to the need of creating an inclusive community and foster hope, Belmont University hired is first Vice President for Hope, Unity, and Belonging. This is a fascinating combination of community building coupled with hope. The Belmont model would likely have been applauded by the visionaries who conceived of student personnel work (1937) as a combination of recognizing the worth and dignity of all students, fostering holistic learning, encouraging students to develop to their full potential, and learning and development taking place throughout students' encounters, both in and out of class.

Nap maps and relaxation zones for student health

I was taken back to my undergraduate years at Colorado State University when I read that some campuses are now providing "nap maps" for students. Napping may help to supplement disrupted or less than optimal daily sleeping patterns. Nightly sleep duration is predictive of grade performance so it is in any higher education institution's best interest to address it.

My favorite place to nap in the Lory Student Center was a music listening room. I could always count on the opportunity to select a classical recording and to find a quiet corner of the room to curl up for a quick and refreshing nap. I haven't thought of this habit for many years but it brings back fond memories and probably contributed to my health and well-being as an undergraduate.

In addition to places to nap, Rider's student government funded and has opened a Zen Den where students can relax and decompress. The room appeals to neurodivergent students in particular but is welcoming of all students as a way to improve mental health. Other campuses created specific campus spaces where students can go to refresh and renew.

Assault on learning

The assault on learning began during the Trump administration, with repeated criticisms of educators as liberal elites who were undermining American values and teaching divisive concepts. Trump doubled down in his 2024 bid to return to the White House with a strategy to intervene through control of accreditation "to get this anti-American insanity out of our institutions once and for all." Trump and DeSantis appear to be in a contest of who can be most convincing in their attacks.

My previous blog titled Ideological Feuds Continue offered a summary of anti-education initiatives, a time when Governor of Florida, Ron DeSantis, was not on the radar. Now he and his assault on learning are front and center. The methodical steps DeSantis has taken are ominous and represent an invasion into controlling higher education not witnessed in generations. DeSantis' declaration to run for U.S. President took his social conservativism to the national level but attacking diversity initiatives in higher education date back to a 2022 plan in Texas. The unfolding story includes a mind-boggling number of examples of higher education under attack:

• The College Board denied having negotiated with Florida officials in the modification of its AP African American Studies course, although many of the triggering ideas/words for conservatives were eliminated. Some weeks later, the College Board announced modification of the controversial AP course but Florida officials committed to developing their own alternative. Florida state officials and the College Board continued to squabble over the AP course for Psychology. Florida's ban of course content eventually caused the College Board to remove recognition of students' enrollment in the course but then the education commissioner reversed course, saying that the AP course would be taught without modification. Georgia state officials withheld approval of the AP African American Studies course.
• In addition to the challenge to AP courses, the Florida approved a controversial alternative to SAT and ACT for admission testing. The CLT measures students' knowledge of texts central to the "western and Christian cannon."
• A bit late to the game, Arkansas followed Florida in canceling the state's AP course in African American Studies the week before students returned to class.
• While there are different views of whether or not DeSantis' anti-diversity initiatives are defensible, the fact that they focus on views to which he objects are pretty obvious.
• As a result of DeSantis' power-wielding, two Republican politicians now serve as Presidents at the University of Florida and the New College and a third was proposed for Florida Atlantic University. Florida's rush to hire politicians as presidents may result in benign presence (such as Univ. of Florida's Ben Sasse who resigned after only 1 year) or outright incompetence in other cases.
• A University of Florida Board member offered travel and golf simulation training as gifts to Disantis.
• New College of Florida Trustees voted to defund the Office of Outreach and Inclusive Excellence, serving as a prelude to the legislative attack on diversity, equity, and inclusion across the state. The next step was beginning to deny tenure to five faculty due to "extraordinary circumstances." One of the denied professors sued the New College and the state of Florida board. A Florida circuit court judge refused the dismissal of the law suit.
• Interim President of New College asked seven faculty to abandon their tenure bids before their credentials were sent to the Board.
• A 2nd LGTQ+ staffer at New College, a librarian was fired. A critic of the conservative take-over of New College was denied renewal as a visiting professor.
• The Director of Gender Studies at New College resigned in protest of Board denial of tenure and involvement in cultivating Florida's anti-LGBTA+ climate.
• Amid defunding diversity initiatives and denying faculty tenure, New College has received a massive infusion of new state funding and proposed a $400 million makeover. Subsequent financial audits revealed budget mismanagement at New College.
• The motivation behind the New College take-over was based on its presumed liberal leaning curriculum, although The Atlantic reported that Republican appointees were behind the adoption of its modest DEI focus.
• Apparently there are some limits to pushing conservatives into leadership, as evidenced by the Florida Senate's "left pending" decision on one of DeSantis' picks for the New College Trustees.
• Eighty percent of the New College faculty voted to censure the Trustees for failing to perform its fiduciary responsibility in protecting its vision and reputation.
• New College faculty are leaving in a tidal wave that created gaping holes in the curriculum, leaving the institution in chaos as the new academic year is poised to begin.
• Hiring decisions for replacements of New College have given preference to connections with the Republican party rather than relevant experience.
• New College was able to add a new first-year student seminar based on the Odyssey, a move signaling a return to "traditional" literary sources. Faculty at New College expressed concern about changes in the core curriculum that include changes imposed by conservative administrators.
• Author of "The Case for Colonialism," Bruce Gilley, will serve as the New College's Presidential Scholar in Residence. The appointment is consistent with New College being a haven for conservative scholars and scholarship.
• Amid all the New College turmoil, a new Vice President for Communications was hired. Fired two months into the job, he was fired for not fighting the media.
• As New College's student retention dropped, Hampshire College offered New College students refuge from its shrinking faculty and fear of declining quality.
• The trashing of library books at New College adds to the image of a conservative coup of higher education in Florida. New College stunned 2 U.S. Senators whose book was removed. Attacks on the library appear coupled with the exodus of faculty while views of New College dims.
• New College will offer a "Wokeness" class in 2025, designed to critique concepts such as anti-racism and advocacy for diversity and inclusion.
• Colorado College offers HAVEN to students who want to transfer from institutions in DEI-hostile states, another refuge for students seeking an alternative to New College.
• A new Florida legislative bill provides the policy platform to allow DeSantis' agenda to be implemented, including defunding all DEI programs, which he signed into law.
• Legal challenges to Florida's "Woke act" resulted in the state's defense attorney declaring that  faculty speech is "state speech," therefore allowing the state to control it.
• The University of Florida dismantled all DEI programs in response to the legislative mandate. DeSantis commented, "DEI is toxic and has no place in our public universities," reinforcing his pioneering role pushing the conservative agenda forward.
• The Florida Board of Governors' "intent to adopt" anti-DEI regulations broadly defined diversity initiatives and activism, causing fears of declining freedom of speech.
• The Florida Education Commissioner has proposed removing the Sociology course included in general education curriculum in public institutions. The claim is that it is to make room for a civil literacy course but many believe it is to remove DEI content.
• The ripple effect of state legislation brought sweeping revision of Florida's general education courses, resulting in protests from faculty. Some academics proclaimed that Florida's changes were long overdo and will cultivate informed citizens who will "promote and preserve the constitutional republic through traditional, historically accurate"coursework.
• Seven former presidents of Florida institutions authored an op-ed "Enough is Enough" to call attention to the dangers higher education faces as political agendas continue to be imposed.
• Micromanagement in Florida has even moved to the State Board of Education issuing a rule to punish anyone who uses a bathroom not aligned with the sex they were assigned at birth.
• Florida bannned the Students for Justice in Palestine organization at its public campuses based on Hamas' designation as a terrorist organization. The ACLU discouraged campuses nationwide from investigate comparable groups.
• Countering Florida's legislation, Chief U.S. Court District Judge Walker said that Florida "has taken over the 'marketplace of ideas' to suppress disfavored viewpoints and limit where professors may shine their light..."
• The funding and authorization of the University of Florida Hamilton Center for Classical & Civics Education raised questions about planting a conservativism center on campus.
• The implication of political intervention and attempts to control curriculum could well lead to denial of continuing accreditation of public universities in Florida.
• DiSantis' retaliatory law suit against the Biden administration over accreditation takes it up another level, with the U.S. Department of Education ultimately allowing Florida institution's move away from the Southern Association for accreditation. The suit challenges the constitutionality of accreditation by ceding "unchecked power" to private accrediting agencies, a claim the Biden administration has challenged. The Florida law suit challenging the constitutionality of accreditation was ultimately dismissed and a federal judge for the Southern District of Florida confirmed the rejection of Florida's claims.
• As a backdrop to the DeSantis take-over of education in Florida and the resulting political meddling in search processes, multiple searches for senior administrators at Florida institutions have failed. Although reluctant to comment, some search firms may begin to decline to engage with Florida institutions.
• When the Florida Atlantic University search for a president halted, Democrats questioned why. The Florida Board of Governors' investigation into the FAU search raised concern that the move may be designed to benefit the favored DeSantis candidate, Randy Fine. The Florida Attorney General was asked to look into the FAU selection process, noting a candidate survey that included questions about sexual orientation and gender identity. The Florida AG determined that the candidate poll violated Florida's sunshine law and later called for a complete restart of the selection process. The FAU Presidential search was unsuccessful and the Board chair resigned. The process restarted in early summer of 2024. Representative Fine later claimed that investigations of anti-Semitic materials in Florida higher education were the result of his initiative.
• The President of Broward College resigned without cause, although intervention by the chair at Broward may represent the increasingly difficult squeeze that presidents in Florida are experiencing.
• Allies of DeSantis were appointed Presidents of Broward College and another confirmed as permanent President at New College. Within hours of being named President, Henry Mack III was out at Broward.
• Choosing to appoint DEI critics to the Florida Polytechnic Board, DeSantis demonstrated no hesitation in his efforts to root out anything he judges to be liberal.
• Higher education leaders in Florida are being challenged to not compromise academic freedom and to be honest about changes they are making to comply with DeSantis' and others' political intervention.
• The AAUP eventually sanctioned New College as well as Spartansburg Community College in South Carolina for significant non-compliance with standards of academic practice.
• The 40 higher education presidents in Florida's state system have been silent, drawing criticism from faculty and students. Robert Birnbaum called for them to resign in protest.
• An AAUP report primarily focused on New College but more broadly applicable to U.S. higher education called for educators to fight what it termed as racially and ideologically motivated attacks "tooth and nail."
• The AAUP joined Florida faculty members who sued over the "Stop WOKE Act," which prohibits professors at Florida's public universities from expressing certain veiwpoints while teaching about race, sex, and injustice.
• Florida banned DEI funding and replaced a Principles of Sociology course in the continuing attack in 2024.
• Florida International University ended its Chinese partnership programs, likely caused by concerns over Chinese involvement in U.S. education as well as hostility toward diversity.
• The 1960s vintage "Teach In" is one way educators can resist the targeting of diversity and critical theory initiatives on campus and staging them in Florida requires some real courage.
• Another of DiSantis' strategies to attack higher education in Florida is the threat to disband unions.
• Appointments to governing boards in Florida and Virginia have included conservatives committed to control rather than oversight of each state's higher education system.
• Ben Sasse's selection as President of the University of Florida included neglect by its Board of Trustees. Student journalists unearthed a pattern of partisan expenditures by Sasse while he was president of the University of Florida president, a pattern that was perhaps not illegal but certainly was corrupt.
• After Sasse stepped down from the Presidency, Ben Fuchs returned as interim President and immediately sought the return of the former Provost. State officials are intent on launching an investigation of Sasse's spending spree while serving as the U of F President. Six of Sasse's allies were subsequently relieved of their positions.
• The Florida Board of Governors now requires sign-off for all candidates being considered for presidencies.
• The new president of Northwest Florida State College is a former state legislator with a bachelor degree. He is a former realtor and founder/president of a ministry to business leadership to "advance the Kingdom of God in their workplace and community through Godly practice."
• The American Council on Education and PEN America offered a guidebook to defend academic freedom which includes acknowledging conservative students' feeling they are silenced by peers.
• A faculty member at Oregon State University offered advice on teaching and thriving behind enemy lines, an essay potentially offering hope for faculty in states where attack by conservatives is most intense.
• The irony of attacking DEI offices is that doing so may suppress religious expression, eliminating support for evangelical Christians on campus.
• Recognizing the reticence of college presidents to speak out about academic freedom and tenure issues, PEN America convened 100 former college presidents to oppose conservative influences. 
• House weaponization of the federal government has begun to target institutions and academics it alleges are part of a "censorship industrial complex." The Respecting the First Amendment on Campus Act was floated as a way to address "illiberalism, intolerance, and radical ideology amongst students and faculty."
• The next Republican wave appears to focus on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) funding. University endowment funds could be restricted from targeting ESG investments if Republicans are successful in 18 states.
• The Arizona Board of Regents and the University of Missouri system removed diversity statements as part of employment reviews. The replacement in the Missouri example sounds a lot like a commitment to the value and commitment of diversity in learning. Legislation in South Carolina prohibited diversity statements but stopped short of defunding DEI programs.
• Tennessee passed legislation for students to report professors who violate the 16 "divisive concepts" previously passed. Among the first states on the offense, Tennessee came back in 2024 with more legislation to prohibit "divisive concepts" in its public universities.
• North Dakota's anti-DEI legislation is the first to be signed into law and will go into effect August 1, 2023.
• Wisconsin Republicans proposed cutting all DEI funding ($32 million) from the state budget which resulted in a standoff over the entire state budget.
• The University of Arkansas dismantled its DEI division and reassigned EEOC to its HR office. The question is if the move is capitulation or a savvy strategy to retain the essence of DEI dispersed to other administrative areas.
• Some University of Virginia Trustees would like to see the university collect information about the political ideologies of its faculty and students and publish it on its Dashboard. UVa officials said that tracking political ideology was not being seriously considered.
• Virginia Commonwealth University officials claimed that delay of the implementation of a new cultural literacy requirement in the curriculum was due to lack of resources yet those who worked on the model questioned that rationale.
• The VCU course and another at George Mason University are under scrutiny by conservative legislators. Both institutions eliminated their DEI courses.
• Ohio legislation to restrict DEI programs did not have enough support to put it to a vote.
• Out of apparent fear of retribution, the University of South Carolina's education college removed the statement, "We prepare educators to have strong knowledge of their specialty areas; to be proficient in culturally relevant, anti-racist, pro-Black instruction" and removed "diversity" in the title of its Vice President of "Access, Civil Rights, and Community Engagement."
• Legislation was introduced to defund DEI in Iowa's public institutions and the Iowa Board of Regents subsequently approved reducing DEI funding at its three public universities. 
• Oklahoma's Governor signed an executive order mandating reviews and cuts to DEI, a move lauded by Florida's New College President as "we're just getting started."
• Utah banned DEI programs and prohibits candidates for employment being asked about their views related to diversity.
• The State Senate of Kentucky advanced a bill to prohibit DEI initiatives in its state institutions. Noting the threat of the legislation, the presidents of the state's 2 largest institutions defended DEI work on their campuses. Kentucky's Attorney General declared DEI initiatives as unconstitutional, citing the recent Supreme Court ruling against affirmative action. Ultimately, the GOP-led legislation was not adopted, lacking the votes required for approval.
• Proposed legislation in Indiana would mandate post-tenure review of faculty for "intellectual diversity" by governing boards. The bill is moving to the Governor for signature. If enacted, the post-tenur review could be used to punish faculty whose political views don't align with governing boards.
• Indiana University became a battleground for academic freedom issues as a result of sanctioning a tenured professor who assisted a pro-Palestinian student group as well as the cancellation of an art exhibit that included pro-Palestinian reflections. The Indiana Attorney General defended a new law requiring "intellectual diversity" on campus labeling faculty speech as public, therefore not protected speech. The federal judge threw out a law suit initiated by Indiana faculty to challenge the intellectual diversity provisions.
• Alabama legislation followed the model of other conservatives in banning DEI in public institutions, including universities. The three state universities closed their DEI offices. Viewed as the most restrictive proposal yet, free speech advocates are most fearful of the "gag order" it would impose on faculty. It would also prohibit access to bathrooms for anyone outside of their assigned sex at birth. The Republican controlled legislature passed it and the Governor signed it into law.
• A Kansas legislative bill prohibiting diversity statements in hiring of employees and admitting students calls for a $10,000 fine for each occurrence.
• Legislation in Arizona will allow students to challenge professors on grades based on students' assertion of political bias. In addition, response to budget problems at the University of Arizona resulted in a GOP bill to limit to faculty input in governance in general.
• A bill proposed by North Carolina's Republican Congressman Greg Murphy would prohibit funding of public medical schools that include DEI material in their curriculum. Questions about North Carolina politics were also raised in the firing of 4 LGBTQ+ staff leaders at Appalachian State University. The UNC System Board moved to repeal DEI on its campuses and funding previously dedicated to DEI were redirected to campus police and public safety.
• The Wyoming law defunding DEI offices allowed the funding to remain in place for diversity-related programs.
• Iowa Republicans passed last-minute legislation to ban DEI and diversity statements in public higher education. The Iowa Governor signed it into law.
• The demonization of higher higher education, legislation to undermine it, and replacing it with conservative voices can be traced as far back as Supreme Court Justice Powell's 1971 memo, "Attack on American Free Enterprise System." 
• It's important to understand that assaults on education are not unprecedented. Attempts to "deinstitutionalize" have occurred before but DeSantis' attacks are coming faster and are converging with federal initiatives such as the House Republican's "protect free speech" move as well as proposals to overhaul higher education funding.
• As the tidal wave of attacks continued, the evidence of successful conservative impact was mixed. DEI suffered the most but tenure either survived in part or entirely.
• The DeSantis attack represents the "refuse to lose" commitment of conservatives to subjugate higher education to a role as a mouthpiece for the state.
• By December of 2023 the AAUP issued a report that DeSantis is part of a world-wide attack on democracy.
• PEN America warned of 6 Bills that are dangerous for higher education in the U.S.A.
• The new Governor of Louisiana insisted on interviewing the proposed head of the state's higher education system, a move signaling the intent to control higher education policy in the state.
• Challenging autonomy of higher education institutions in Europe may reflect the emergence of conservative attack there as well.
• The Texas Regents severed the relationship with Qatar Foundation, which hosted Texas A&M, at Education City. Some view the decision as based on partisanship and misinformation.
• Capturing negative sentiment about elite universities' response to the Hamas attack and Israel's retaliation, Senator Tom Cotton's (R-Arkansas) proposed bill would levy a 6% tax on university endowments to fund support for Israel, Ukraine, and increase U.S. border security.

Higher education needs to gear up for more as DeSantis models a conservative playbook from the Manhattan Institute, which includes his upping the ante at every opportunity, including a threat to remove all AP courses in Florida schools. "defunding DEI programs - which he (DeSantis) called 'hostile to academic freedom' - will make them 'wither on the vine.'" While DeSantis works to starve out DEI commitments and subject faculty to post-tenure review, the methods used are likely to lead to loss of innovation in Florida. It is well known that Ron DeSantis has modeled his strategies after the previous Ron (Ronald Reagan), The particularly frightening part of that is that Reagan was successful in his attack on higher education in California and rode on to be elected President of the U.S.A. DeSantis has another ally or comrade in Virginia Foxx, conservative from North Carolina, who is rabidly consistent in her condemnation of higher education. Her bias was obvious in her defense of Liberty University when it was fined $14 million for Clery Act Violations. Without acknowledging Liberty's violations, Foxx opined, "This administration's intentional destruction of religious freedom protections is abhorrent."

The meeting of conservatives in March 2024 touted a seize the moment mindset as attendees strategized ways to continue to challenge DEI and the broader credibility of U.S. higher education institutions. Jay Greene, senior fellow at Heritage's Center for Education Policy, asserted that hitting administrators and supports of DEI in the pocketbook will be the most effective way forward.

Actions and reactions to DeSantis's attacks reflect support as well as resistance. The dean and provost of Palm Beach Atlantic University served notice to a professor for 20+ years who included a racial injustice unit in his course, resulting in protests and petitions in support of the professor. A State College of Florida Art Exhibit was cancelled as a result of college officials objecting to "diversity" and "inclusion" in the title of the exhibit. Valencia College deleted "equity" in its mission and replaced it with "creating the rights conditions" to help students succeed. A professor was fired at Palm Beach Atlantic (a private Christian college) after a parental complaint that he was indoctrinating students. The John Hopkins DEI chief resigned after criticism for referencing "privileged" groups in a campus newsletter.

DEI improves learning for everyone, especially as the demographic profile of higher education shifts. Strategies such as the new required course at the University of Arizona on "American Institutions" reflects this purpose by including both positive and negative aspects of U.S.A. civic history. However, civic learning can be addressed through multiple lenses and exactly how the University of Arizona course will emerge will be something to watch.

Wouldn't it be interesting if instead of withering out of financial neglect, the DeSantis and Manhattan Institute strategy resulted in the dissemination of DEI content throughout higher education curriculum and programs? Gaslighting DEI has attempted to stamp them out. However, the impact of resistance has perhaps resulted in DEI initiatives becoming more infused in a variety of places and processes rather than confined to the diversity office or a small number of dedicated educators. Some institutional communication consultants recommend renewed and refined advocacy for DEIB (adding "belonging"), which is a value that is difficult to deny.

Gregg Abbott, the Governor of Texas, appears to be in a race with DeSantis. A memo from the Governor's office went out to public institutions warning them that using DEI practices in hiring risked violating Texas state and federal laws. UT system institutions initially paused DEI practices and then struggled to modify their approaches as the January 2, 2024, deadline loomed. UT in Austin closed its former DEI division. The Texas Senate approved a variety of "anti-woke" actions but opposition in the House will likely result in modification. However, legislative action was apparently the cause of the botched hire and subsequent $1 million settlement with Texas A&M's journalism star. The claim of viewpoint discrimination by a conservative associate professor in the University of Texas' business school will likely be embraced by Abbot and his supporters as an example of DEI being imposed on faculty and in curriculum and programs. The University of Houston eliminated its anti-racism statement after a conservative professor's complaint and will close its Office of Diversity & Inclusion and LGBTQ+ resource center. The University of Texas system Board of Trustees voted to establish a Civitas Institute dedicated to the "study and teaching of individual liberty, limited government, private enterprise and free markets" on the Austin campus. While money poured into the Civitas Institute, DEI programs were dismantled across Texas, which will likely contribute to halting the progress of Latino students.

DeSantis, Abbott, and Youngkin of Virginia look as if they might be using similar strategies to position themselves for a 2024 US Presidential run. Diversity initiatives at both the University of Virginia and Virginia Military Institute have faced challenges.With each attempting to determine what worked in the Trump strategy of 2016, it appears that indicting higher education as the bastion of elite liberalism might be one of their planks.

Conservative voices are also seen in increasing activism of conservative student groups who sponsor deliberately provocative speakers such as Kyle Rittenhouse as well as in conservative student publications. Some institutions are trying to walk a line that straddles both liberal and conservative perspectives. UNC Chapel Hill announced the creation of a center that surprised some on campus, the purpose of which was unclear to some faculty. UNC's initiative was defended by the CEO of the American Council of Trustees and Alumni but others warn that partisan infighting is putting the university at risk. The "civic life" initiative proceeded anyway. Hundreds of UNC Chapel Hill faculty protested "overreach" of the Boards of Governors and Trustees and a report about statewide governance of higher education indicates that improvement is needed. New governance approaches have been proposed but some view the changes as increasing rather than decreasing polarization, a dynamic echoed in Utah's overhaul of its higher education governance. Rumbles about UNC's med school resulted when a diversity task force's recommendations met mixed implementation.

Anti-CRT moves exploded from 2021 to 2022 to prohibit "divisive concepts" in K-12 and higher education curriculum. The assault on DEI may present a critical juncture as those not previously involved in DEI work realize that it, CRT, is simply an examination of historical and contemporary evidence for viewpoint and bias. Recognizing the defense mechanisms such examination engenders and incorporating straightforward analysis of objective evidence allows educators to expose the problems our world must face in order to improve. So much of higher education research, scholarship, and teaching is about identifying problems, testing solutions, and proposing new innovations to enhance individuals and communities.